#vowels

The three short vowels — a stroke above for a, a stroke below for i, a small wāw above for u — on every letter, with sound.

Alif, wāw and yāʾ stretch the short vowels into ā, ū and ī — two beats instead of one.

The sukūn — a small circle meaning "no vowel here" — and the shadda, a small w that doubles its letter.

The doubled vowel marks at the end of a word, which add an n — -an, -in, -un.